二手烟导致肺癌
什么是二手烟？
Known as environmental tobacco smoke, secondhand smoke is a mixture of the smoke exhaled by smokers (mainstream smoke) as well as the fumes given off by cigarettes, cigars, and pipes (side stream smoke). Composed of over 3,000 chemicals, secondhand smoke contains more than 250 known toxins and more than 50 carcinogens ( Secondhand Smoke Fact Sheet – CDC). Nicotine, carbon monoxide, and other cigarette tar ingredients are among the substances in secondhand smoke that have been linked to lung cancer.
二手烟的危险
In 1992, an EPA report classified secondhand smoke as a carcinogen. Nine years later, the International Agency for Research on Cancer ( IARC) reached the same conclusion on secondhand smoke’s dangers. The National Institute of Health specifically links secondhand smoke to lung cancer ( Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke), and even brief exposure to secondhand smoke has immediate adverse effects on the cardiovascular system, increasing the risk of heart disease and lung cancer.
“接触二手烟对健康的影响比我们之前想象的更为普遍，”前卫生局局长理查德·卡莫纳 (Richard Carmona) 说道（新闻稿，2006 年 6 月 27 日）。 “现在的科学证据是无可争议的：二手烟不仅仅是一种烦恼。这是一种严重的健康危害，可能导致儿童和不吸烟的成年人患病和过早死亡。”
二手烟可导致肺癌、心脏病
Among adults in the U.S., over 3,000 lung cancer deaths and 35,000 deaths from heart disease occur each year due to secondhand smoke, according to the National Cancer Institute ( NCI). Nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke increase their chances of developing heart disease by 25% to 30%.
In addition to its impact on heart disease, secondhand smoke can greatly increase the risk of developing lung cancer. According to studies by the Surgeon General, nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke had an increased lung cancer risk of 20%–30% when living with a smoker. The dangers of secondhand smoke are not limited to the home, as the cancer risk extends to all secondhand smoke exposure, regardless of the exposure location. (See Cancer Among Adults from Exposure to Secondhand Smoke).
二手烟对儿童的影响
In the United States, secondhand smoke is responsible for more than 300,000 annual cases of bronchitis and pneumonia in children under 18 months old, according to the Environmental Protection Agency. It causes and aggravates childhood asthma, has been linked to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ( SIDS), respiratory problems, and ear infections. Because their bodies are still growing, children and infants are especially vulnerable to secondhand smoke.
儿童时期接触烟草烟雾还会导致成年后出现神经系统问题和心脏病。世界卫生组织表示，二手烟“对儿童健康构成真正的重大威胁，在全世界造成死亡和痛苦”。
烟草业试图影响媒体对二手烟的报道
Tobacco industry documents reveal how cigarette manufacturers have tried and succeeded in influencing media reports about secondhand smoke ( Prev Med. 2004 Sep; 39(3): 568–80). According to internal documents, the companies recruited teams of journalists to write news articles that undermined the Environmental Protection Agency’s warnings about secondhand smoke and supported the tobacco industry’s position.
Working on behalf of Philip Morris, a public relations firm suggested building doubt about an Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA) report on secondhand smoke. Besides concentrating on “one–on–one opportunities with journalists,” the firm recommended “carefully tailored, authored, placed pieces” questioning the competence of the EPA.
有关二手烟的更多信息
教育是限制二手烟相关健康风险的第一步。由于烟草业推出的信息相互矛盾，概述二手烟健康风险的事实信息来源对于公共安全和健康更加重要。我们选择了以下资源来帮助教育公众了解二手烟造成的危险。
